Speakout Advanced p 37.Prefixes and Suffixes. Extra Word Formation Grammar

Common Prefixes in English

A prefix /ˈpriːfɪks/ is a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. For example, the word prefix itself begins with a prefix--pre-, which generally means "before."

Understanding the meanings of the common prefixes can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. But be careful: some prefixes (such as in-) have more than one meaning (for example, in-: "not", "into").

The table below defines and illustrates some common prefixes.

Common Prefixes

Prefix	Meaning	Example
a-, an-	without	amoral /ˌeɪˈmɒrəl/
ante-	before	antecedent /ˌæntɪˈsiːdnt/
anti-	against	anticlimax /ˌæntiˈklaɪmæks/
auto-	self	autopilot /ˈɔːtəʊpaɪlət/
circum-	around	circumvent /ˌsɜːkəmˈvent/
co-	with	copilot /ˈkəʊˌpaɪlət/
com-, con-	with	companion /kəmˈpæniən/ , contact /ˈkɒntækt/
contra-	against	contradict /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/
de-	off, away from	devalue /ˌdiːˈvæljuː/
dis-	not	disappear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)/
en-	put into	enclose /ɪnˈkləʊz/
ex-	out of, former	extract (N) /ˈekstrækt/, (V) /ɪkˈstrækt/; ex-president
extra-	beyond, more than	extracurricular /ˌekstrəkəˈrɪkjʊlə/
hetero-	different	heterosexual /ˌhetərəˈsekʃuəl/
homo-	same	homonym /ˈhɒmənɪm/ /ˈhəʊm-/
hyper-	over, more	hyperactive /ˌhaɪpərˈæktɪv/
il-, im-, in-, ir-	not, without	illegal /ɪˈliːɡl/, immoral /ɪˈmɒrəl/, inconsiderate /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/, irresponsible /ˌɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl/
in-	into	insert (V) /ɪnˈsɜːt/, (N) /ˈɪnsɜːt/
inter-	between	intersect /ˌɪntəˈsekt/
intra-	between	intravenous /ˌɪntrəˈviːnəs/
macro-	large	macroeconomics /ˌmækrəʊˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/
micro-	small	microscope /ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/
mono-	one	monocle /ˈmɒnəkl/, monologue /ˈmɒnəlɒɡ/
non-	not, without	nonentity /nɒˈnentəti/, nonsense, non-fiction, non-alcoholic.
omni-	all, every	omniscient /ɒmˈnɪsiənt/, omnivore /ˈɒmnɪvɔː(r)/, omnipresent /ˌɒmnɪˈpreznt/
post-	after	postmortem /ˌpəʊst ˈmɔːtəm/
pre-, pro-	before, forward	precede /prɪˈsiːd/, project (N) /ˈprɒdʒekt/, (V) /prəˈdʒekt/
sub-	under	submarine
syn-	same time	synchronize
trans-	across	transmit
tri-	three	tricycle /ˈtraɪsɪkl/
un-	not	unfinished
uni-	one	unicorn /ˈjuːnɪkɔːn/

Common Suffixes in English

A suffix /ˈsʌfɪks/ is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to alter the grammatical function of the original word. For example, the verb read can be made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er; read can be made into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.

Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. The table below defines and illustrates some common suffixes.

Common Suffixes

Noun Suffixes
Suffix	Meaning	Example
-acy	state or quality	privacy BrE /ˈprɪvəsi/, AmE /ˈpraɪvəsi/
-al	act or process of	refusal /rɪˈfjuːzl/
-ance, -ence	state or quality of	maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/, eminence /ˈemɪnəns/
-dom	place or state of being	freedom, kingdom
-er, -or	one who	trainer, protector
-ism	doctrine, belief	communism
-ist	one who	chemist
-ity, -ty	quality of	veracity /vəˈræsəti/
-ment	condition of	argument
-ness	state of being	heaviness /ˈhevinəs/
-ship	position held, the state or quality of	fellowship, professorship,  friendship, ownership /ˈəʊnəʃɪp/
-sion, -tion	the action or state of	concession /kənˈseʃn/, transition, hesitation, competition, confession
Verb Suffixes
-ate	become	eradicate /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/
-en	become	enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/
-ify, -fy	make or become	terrify
-ize, -ise	become	civilize
Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible	capable of being	edible /ˈedəbl/, presentable /prɪˈzentəbl/
-al	pertaining to	regional /ˈriːdʒənl/
-esque	reminiscent of /ˌremɪˈnɪsnt/	picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/
-ful	notable for	fanciful
-ic, -ical	pertaining to	musical, mythic /ˈmɪθɪk/
-ious, -ous	characterized by	nutritious /njuˈtrɪʃəs/, portentous /pɔːˈtentəs/
-ish	having the quality of	fiendish /ˈfiːndɪʃ/
-ive	having the nature of	creative /kriˈeɪtɪv/
-less	without	endless
-y	characterized by	sleazy /ˈsliːzi/

Common Word Roots

A root, as its name suggests, is a word or word part from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. The root of the word vocabulary, for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or "name." This root also appears in the words advocacy, convocation, evocative, vocal, and vociferous /vəˈsɪfərəs/.

Understanding the meanings of the common word roots can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. But be careful: root words can have more than one meaning and various shades of meaning. In addition, words that look similar may derive from different roots. So when you meet up with a new word, be sure to rely on a dictionary to check its definition.

The table below defines and illustrates some of the most common Greek and Latin roots. The letter in parentheses indicates whether the root word is Greek (G) or Latin (L).

Word Roots

ROOT	MEANING	EXAMPLES
-ast(er)-(G)	star	asteroid, astronomy
-audi- (L)	hear	audible /ˈɔːdəbl/, audience /ˈɔːdiəns/
-auto- (G)	self	automatic /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/, autopsy /ˈɔːtɒpsi/
-bene- (L)	good	benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/, benign /bɪˈnaɪn/
-bio- (G)	life	biography, biology
-chrono- (G)	time	chronic, synchronize
-dict- (L)	say	dictate, diction
-duc- (L)	lead, make	deduce, produce
-gen- (L)	give birth	gene /dʒiːn/, generate
-geo- (G)	earth	geography, geology
-graph- (G)	write	autograph /ˈɔːtəɡrɑːf/, graph /ɡrɑːf/
-jur-, -jus- (L)	law	jury /ˈdʒʊəri/, justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/
-log-, -logue- (L)	thought	logic, obloquy /ˈɒbləkwi/
-luc- (L)	light	lucid /ˈluːsɪd/, translucent /trænsˈluːsnt/
-man(u)- (L)	hand	manual /ˈmænjuəl/
-mand-, -mend- (L)	order	demand, recommend
-mis-, -mit- (L)	send	missile, transmission
-omni- (L)	all	omnivorous /ɒmˈnɪvərəs/
-path- (G)	feel	empathy, pathetic /pəˈθetɪk/
-phil- (G)	love	philosophy /fəˈlɒsəfi/, bibliophile /ˈbɪbliəfaɪl/
-phon- (G)	sound	phonics /ˈfɒnɪks/, telephone
-photo- (G)	light	photograph, photon /ˈfəʊtɒn/
-port- (L)	carry	export (N) /ˈekspɔːt/ (V) /ɪkˈspɔːt/, portable
-qui(t)- (L)	quiet, rest	acquit /əˈkwɪt/, tranquil /ˈtræŋkwɪl/
-scrib-, -script- (L)	write	ascribe /əˈskraɪb/, script
-sens-, -sent- (L)	feel	resent /rɪˈzent/, sensitive
-tele- (G)	far off	telecast /ˈtelikɑːst/, telephone, television /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/
-terr- (L)	earth	terrain /təˈreɪn/, territory /ˈterətri/
-vac- (L)	empty	evacuate, vacate /vəˈkeɪt/ /veɪˈkeɪt/
-vid-, -vis- (L)	see	visible /ˈvɪzəbl/, video /ˈvɪdiəʊ/

Extra Word formation list:
http://quizlet.com/21328361/word-formation-list-flash-cards/