EF p 77. Passive with Verbs of Saying and Reporting

 

People say that S. was a good student at school

S. is said to have been ...

It is said that S was...

People believed that R.N. was a very good player

R.N. was believed to have been ...

It was believed that R.N...

People believed that R.N. was the best tennis player ever.

R.N. was believed to have been ...


They think that the final exam is going to be very difficult

The final exam is thought to be very difficult

They said that he is rich

It is said that he is rich

He is said to be rich


They said that he was rich

It was said that ...

He was said to have been rich

 

Open World p 83. Passives. Key Word Transformations

1. They still haven't carried out a full assessment of the effects of these changes. 

FULLY 

The effects of these changes have yet ________________________________

2. Johnson was quite surprised when he won the election and became President. 

ABACK 

Johnson was rather _______________________________ elected as President.

3.The police now think he invented the story to protect his girlfriend. 

HAVE 

He is now __________________________ up the story to protect his girlfriend.

4. My parents are planning to pay someone to repair and redecorate their house next month. 

UP 

My parents are planning to have their __________________________________ next month. 

5. He thinks his friends do not appreciate him. 

GRANTED

He dislikes ________________________________________________________ by his friends. 

6. They've postponed the meeting until January to give the management team longer to decide. 

OFF 

The meeting ___________________  until January to give the management team longer to decide.

7. To help us run the exhibition next month, we need at least six people. 

REQUIRED 

No ________________________________________ to help us run the exhibition next month. 

8. A common belief is that British people cannot speak foreign languages very well. 

WEAK 

British people are commonly believed to _____________________________ foreign languages.

 

 

 

KEY

1.to be fully assessed

2. taken aback when he was

3. thought to have made

4. house done up

5. being taken for granted

6. has been put off

7. less/fewer than six people are required

8. be weak at (speaking)

More Key Word Transformations:

http://quizlet.com/7964814/cae-use-of-english-part-5-flash-cards/

 

Open World SB p 82. Impersonal passive

 

Impersonal passive

A) Noun + verb in passive form + infinitive/ perfect infinitive

With these verbs: agree, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, feel, find, guarantee, know, mean, presume, regard, report, say, suppose, think, understand.

E.g.  

Tourism is expected to become a major part of the country’s economy. 

Tourism was expected to have become a major part of the country's economy

B) It + verb in passive form + that clause

With these verbs: accept, agree, argue, assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, estimate, expect, feel, know, presume, report, say, suggest, suppose, think, understand.

E.g. It is thought that the new railway will provide employment opportunities for local people.

Speakout Advanced p 60. Passives. Extra Speaking

A. Have a conversation as natural as possible with a partner about the topic. Use the pictures above and the questions below to help you.

1. What kind of clothes do you have dry-cleaned? What kind of things can you take to the dry-cleaner’s to get dry-cleaned?
2. Have you ever had your fortune told? If not, would you like to?
3. Would you like to get your nose / belly-button / tongue pierced?
4. Have you had your temperature taken in the last month?
5. Have you ever had your legs waxed at the beautician’s?
6. Have you ever had old photographs restored?
7. Have you ever had films developed in one hour?
8. Have you ever had any piece of jewellery repaired?
9. Have you ever had your nails done?
10. Talk with your partner about…

• Disorders known to affect people suffering from depression, insomnia…
• A famous person who is known to be suffering from Alzheimer.
• Someone who is expected to perform in Palma soon.
• A film which is thought to be on at the cinema in the next few months.
• Someone you know who is likely to have financial problems in the future.
• People who are alleged to have committed crimes.
• Famous people who are said to have cheated on their spouses.
• Somebody who is rumoured to have done something illegal.
• Things that are said to have happened over last weekend.
• Somebody who is known to be a close friend of Penélope Cruz / Brad Pitt /  Rafael Nadal.

B. MONOLOGUE
  

Student A

1. Have you ever had your eyes tested? Do you regularly get them tested?
2. When was the last time you had your photograph taken?
3. How often do you get your hair cut?

Student B

1. Have you ever had your shopping home delivered?
2. Have you ever had your portrait painted?
3. Have you got a car? If so, does it need to get repaired? When was the last time you got it repaired?

Speakout Advanced p 60. Passives. Extra Listening

Speakout Advanced p 60. Passives. Extra Exercise

PASSIVE SENTENCES

1. They think the Nigerian president will choose a new cabinet soon.



2. They think that the American crisis will spread from The USA to the E.U.




3. They report that the toxic red sludge in Hungary has reached the River Danube.




4. They expect the Irish Republic will accept a “very substantial loan” as part of an EU-backed bailout.




5. They say that Prince William got engaged to Kate Middleton in Kenya in October 2010 during a private holiday.




6. They report that Hong-Kong has just diagnosed the first bird flu case in seven years.




7. They report that the Italian police have arrested a fugitive mafia boss who had been on the run for 14 years.




8. They expect Prince George will get married at Westminster Abbey.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] sludge: soft wet earth or a substance that looks like this. Sp. Lodo, fango.

[2] bailout: to help a person or organization that is in difficulty, usually by giving or lending them money. Sp. Rescate.

KEY

1. It is thought that the Nigerian President will choose a new cabinet soon.

The Nigerian President is thought to choose a new cabinet soon.



2. It is thought that the American crisis will spread from The USA to the EU.

The American crisis is thought to spread from The USA to the EU.



3. It is reported that the toxic red sludge in Hungary has reached the River Danube.

The toxic red sludge in Hungary is reported to have reached the River Danube.



4. It is expected that the Irish Republic will accept a “very substantial loan” as part of an EU-backed bailout.

The Irish Republic is expected to accept a “very substantial loan” as part of an EU-backed bailout.



5. It is said that Prince William got engaged to Kate Middleton in Kenya in October 2010 during a private holiday.

Prince William is said to have got engaged to kate Middleton in Kenya in October 2010 during a private holiday..



6. It is reported that Hong-Kong has just diagnosed the first bird flu case in seven years.

Hong-Kong is reported to have just diagnosed the first bird flu case in seven years.



7. It is reported that the Italian police have arrested a fugitive mafia boss who had been on the run for 14 years.

The Italian police are reported to have arrested a fugitive mafia boss who had been on the run for 14 years.



8. It is expected that Prince George will get married at Westminster Abbey.

Prince George is expected to get married at Westminster Abbey.

Speakout Advanced p 60. Passive Voice. Extra Grammar

The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive forms of "design."

Tense	Subject	Auxiliary		Past Participle
		Singular	Plural
Present	The car/cars	is	are	designed.
Present perfect	The car/cars	has been	have been	designed.
Past	The car/cars	was	were	designed.
Past perfect	The car/cars	had been	had been	designed.
Future	The car/cars	will be	will be	designed.
Future perfect	The car/cars	will have been	will have been	designed.
Present progressive	The car/cars	is being	are being	designed.
Past progressive	The car/cars	was being	were being	designed.

A sentence in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is rewritten in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active	Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive	An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive	Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:

resemble	look like	equal	agree with
mean	contain	hold	comprise
lack	suit	fit	become

The Passive

When we don’t know who does/did something

            The car was stolen at approximately 1.30 am.

When it’s obvious who does/did something.

   Having been introduced in 1998, the Road Traffic Act regulates all vehicle use on UK roads.

When it’s not important who does/did something

     The XL500 was designed with young families in mind, so there’s plenty of room in the boot.

To emphasise new information (which appears at the end of the sentence)

            This type of submarine was developed during the Second World War by the Americans.

To avoid starting clauses with long expressions

         We were surprised by the number of people trying to leave the city for the long weekend. (More natural than The number of people trying to leave the city for the long weekend surprised us.)

To produce a formal style

All passengers are required to present their ticket to the inspector.

Impersonal passive

Form	Common verbs	Example
Noun + verb in passive form + infinitive/ perfect infinitive	agree, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, expect, feel, find, guarantee, know, mean, presume, regard, report, say, suppose, think, understand	Tourism is expected to become a major part of the country’s economy.
There + verb in passive form + infinitive / perfect infinitive		There are reported to have been a record number of accidents on the roads this year.
It + verb in passive form + that clause	accept, agree, argue, assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, estimate, expect, feel, know, presume, report, say, suggest, suppose, think, understand	It is thought that the new railway will provide employment opportunities for local people.

Causative: get/have sth done

Actions we arrange for other people to do for us

            Did you finally get your bike fixed?

Things we experience (usually negative and not intended.

            I heard that Suzie had her motorbike stolen.

CLICK HERE FOR MORE

Speakout Advanced p 60. Keys and Vocabulary

Ex 3B
Vocabulary
make somebody/something out: to manage to see somebody/ something or read or hear something. Distinguish. E.g. I could just make out a figure in the darkness. Cities can be made out from space, especially at night. Make out what, who, etc… I could hear voices but I couldn't make out what they were saying.

restaurateur /ˌrestərəˈtɜː(r)/ a person who owns and manages a restaurant. E.g. Caesar salad is named after Caesar Cardini, a  restaurateur.

sleet: /sliːt/ a mixture of rain and snow. Sp. aguanieve. E.g. The rain was turning to sleet. 

blizzard: /ˈblɪzəd/ a snowstorm with very strong winds. Sp. ventisca. E.g. blizzard conditions. The blizzard struck the north-east yesterday, causing serious damage. A raging (very powerful) /howling (very violent, with strong winds) blizzard.

slush: /slʌʃ/ partly melted snow that is usually dirty. Sp. nieve medio derretida, aguanieve. E.g. In the city the clean white snow had turned to grey slush. 

powder: a dry mass of very small fine pieces. E.g. The snow was like powder. 

Ex 3C
KEY

1 cannot be seen, can be made out 



2 had the dish named 



3 is claimed 



4 is processed 



5 isn’t expected to change 


Ex 3D
KEY

a) 4 



b) 3 



c) 2 



d) 1 



e) 5 

p 137

Ex 1A

KEY

1 The case is being investigated by the police. 

2 You are allowed to borrow a car for official business. 

3 Mike is having his washing machine delivered today. 

4 It is claimed (that) the tradition began in the nineteenth century. 

5 Wilhelm might have been recognised. 

6 She had the players stretch before the game. 

7 Our luggage is being checked in right now.

8 The product has only been tested on volunteers.

Ex 1B 

KEY

Because we want to emphasise the action rather than the doer.

1, 2, 4 and 8 might be formal written English.

Ex 2 

KEY

1 It is said 

2 These secrets need to be kept 

3 what can be done 

4 brainwashing was considered 

5 it was discovered 

6 certain memories could be erased

Ex 4

KEY

1 is believed/thought 

2 his wallet stolen. 

3 was being fixed 

4 should be taken 

5 needs to be done 

6 have been seen 

Ex 5

KEY

1 has been passed on 

2 OK or It isn’t known

3 it has been attributed 

4 OK 

5 The fear of the number thirteen is known 

 triskaidekaphobia /ˌtrɪskaɪˌdekəˈfəʊbiə/ fear of the number 13.

6 thirteen is considered 

7 OK or This superstition can be seen 

8 the number thirteen is omitted

9 the house between number 12 and 14 is given the number 12½ 

10 the unlucky number four is often omitted

Speakout Advanced p 44. Inspector Harvey. Extra Listening

A woman has been discovered murdered in the back bedroom of a small country house. Inspector Harvey is questioning Harry Collins, the dead woman's nephew.

Inspector Harvey: Now, Mr. Collins, I'd like you to tell me in your own words exactly how you came to discover the body.
Mr. Collins: It was terrible, Inspector. I came home a bit late because I'd been to the garage to have my car headlights tested. I put the car in the garage and then I went round to the back of the house to see if the groceries' d been delivered. They're always left in a box at the back door if we're not in, and I thought they might have got wet as it'd been raining most of the afternoon. It was then I noticed that a ladder had been propped up against my aunt's bedroom window. 'That's funny,' I thought, so I climbed up it and then I saw at once that the window had been broken and the two flower pots on the window sill had disappeared. When I looked inside the room, I saw bits of flower pot and earth and glass lying about on the floor inside, and I guessed that the pots had been used to break the window.
Inspector Harvey: You say bits of glass and broken flower pot were found inside the room?
Mr. Collins: Yes, that's right, Inspector. I saw at once that the room'd been disturbed. Papers'd been pulled out of the desk, my aunt's handbag'd been torn open and the little box in which my aunt kept her jewellery had been ripped apart. It was awful! I simply couldn't believe it at first.
Inspector Harvey: You saw all this while you were still on the ladder looking through the window? Wasn't it getting dark? Was the light on?
Mr. Collins: Well, that was the odd thing. My aunt was very economical about light, she would never have any of the lights turned on until it was absolutely necessary, but when I looked in the light'd already been switched on. Of course it had been raining pretty heavily till about six o'clock and she may've switched it on so that she could see to read, and then fall asleep.
Inspector Harvey: You may be right. Please go on, sir.
Mr. Collins: I managed to get in through the window and then of course I saw her! She was lying on the bed with her mouth open and her eyes sort of staring. I knew at once she'd been murdered. There was a great ugly gash on her forehead where she'd been hit and blood -- you've never seen anything like it! The pillow was soaked with it. I tell you, Inspector, it was ghastly! I didn't know what to do at first. Dear kind old Aunt Edith -- it was incredible. Then I sort of came to and realized that of course the police would have to be informed immediately, so I ran down to the hall and phoned the police station.
Inspector Harvey: Did you touch anything in the room, sir?
Mr. Collins: Of course not. There was a hammer lying on the floor near the bed, but I knew enough to know that absolutely nothing must be touched or moved till the police arrived. Well, I mean, everyone knows that much. In detective stories, films and that, it's the first question that's asked when the crime squad arrives.
Inspector Harvey: Do you read a lot of detective stories, sir?
Mr. Collins: Read? Not many. I watch them more on TV. But they're always the same, aren't they? The criminal always gets caught in the end, doesn't he? There's always some little thing he's forgotten that's discovered right at the end. I often think they're very stupid these criminals, letting themselves be caught through their own inefficiency.
Inspector Harvey: Quite so, sir. Just one more question -- motive. Can you think of any reason why your aunt should've been murdered? Anyone you know who might have had a reason for wishing her out of the way?
Mr. Collins: Aunt Edith? Good heavens, no. It's quite extraordinary! She was loved and respected by everyone who knew her, Inspector. I've never heard an unkind word spoken about her. That's why I say it's incredible! It's worse than that -- it's appalling!
Inspector Harvey: Murder usually is, sir.