Present
Perfect Simple
·
Situations and states that
started in the past and are still true.
I’ve been a
member of MENSA for over five years.
·
A series of actions continuing
up to now.
She’s done a BA,
an MA and a PhD so far.
·
Completed actions at a time in
the past which is not important or relevant.
Have you ever read any books
by Edward Bono?
·
Completed actions where the
important thing is the present result.
She’s been
awarded a scholarship to study at Harvard.
·
Actions completed recently
I’ve just received my exam results.
Words and phrases often used with the
present perfect simple
Since / for / It’s the first/second/etc
time / before / already / yet / ever / just / still / recently / up to now /
(up) until now / so far
Present
Perfect Continuous
·
Actions and situations
continuing up to the present (or just before the present)
We’ve all been wondering what to get Tony for his
birthday and we just can’t decide.
Words and phrases often used with the
present perfect continuous
Since / for / just / all day/week/etc
WATCH OUT
·
We usually use the present
perfect simple to specify a particular number of times/things.
I’ve written
two essays this week.
·
We usually use the present
perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action/situation.
I’ve worked here
for five years. (no emphasis)
I’ve been working here
for five years. (emphasises the duration)
Past
Perfect Simple
·
Situations and states before
the past.
Had you had your computer
long before it broke down?
·
Completed actions before a
moment in the past.
When Dimitra called, I had managed to fix her computer.
·
A series of actions continuing
up to a moment in the past.
By the time of his death, Thomas Edison had invented a number of things that
changed everyday life.
·
Past
Perfect Continuous
·
Actions and situations
continuing up to a moment in the past (or just before a moment in the past).
She’d been writing computer
games for over ten years before she finally had a hit.
Future
Perfect Simple
·
Completed situations before a
certain time.
It looks as if Jake will have
lost his job by the end of the week.
·
Continuing situations up to a
certain time.
This time next month, I’ll
have worked at the company for exactly 25 years.
Future
Perfect Continuous
·
Continuing situations up to a
certain time (emphasises the duration).
This time next month, I’ll
have been working at the company for exactly 25 years.
Perfect
Infinitive
·
After verbs like seem and appear to look back to a previous time period.
He seems to have
forgotten us.
·
Used with different time
periods.
It’s great to
have finished my exams.
He said he was sorry to have missed your party.
We hope to have done the
work by 5.00
EXERCISE
Complete
the sentences with the correct perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
1. When they found Chris, he said he __________________ (live) on the streets for years.
2. I ______________ (not finish) the project by Monday. I still have to do all the research.
3. Congratulations! It must be great _____________ (win) two major prizes in two years!
4. Sorry about the delay. _____________________________________ (you / wait) long?
5. Before he died he told us he _____________________ (bury) the money in the garden.
6. Junko, the garage is a mess! _________________ (you / play) with the children there?
7. We asked the neighbours, but they seem ________________ (not notice) anything strange.
8. I hear you’re looking for a job. Who ______________________ (you / speak to) so far?
9. By 2020, Martha ____________________ (work) for the same company for fifty years.
10. Is Werner OK? He _______________________________ (hide) in his room all evening.
11. Seeing Liz after twenty years, I realised she ___________________ (not change) at all.
12. Jane looked at me suspiciously. ___________________________ (discover) my secret?
Sentences with KEYS:
1.
When they found Chris, he said
he __________________ (live) on the streets for years.
KEY
1. had been living
2. I ______________ (not finish) the project by Monday. I still have to do all the research.
KEY
2. won’t have finished
3. Congratulations! It must be great _____________ (win) two major prizes in two years!
KEY
3. to have won
4. Sorry about the delay. _____________________________________ (you / wait) long?
KEY
4. Have you
been waiting
5. Before he died he told us he _____________________ (bury) the money in the garden.
KEY
5.had buried
6. Johnny, the garage is a mess! _________________ (you / play) with the children there?
KEY
6. have you been playing
7. We asked the neighbours, but they seem ________________ (not notice) anything strange.
KEY
7. not to have noticed
8. I hear you’re looking for a job. Who ______________________ (you / speak to) so far?
KEY
8.
have you spoken to
9. By 2020, Martha ____________________ (work) for the same company for fifty years.
KEY
9. will have been working
10. Is Werner OK? He _______________________________ (hide) in his room all evening.
KEY
10. has been hiding
11. Seeing Liz after twenty years, I realised she ___________________ (not change) at all.
KEY
11. hadn’t changed
12. Jane looked at me suspiciously. ___________________________ (discover) my secret?
KEY
12. Had she discovered
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