Ex 3C
KEY
1 The reason why I say that is …
2 Let me put it this way.
3 I think you’ll find that …
4 The point I’m trying to make is that …
5 Can you be sure about that?
6 But that’s not the point.
7 But that doesn’t take account of the fact that …
p 137
Ex 1
KEY
1 What I’m saying is
2 The facts suggest
3 the point is
4 Do you think that is always the case?
5 After all,
6 There are several reasons why I think
7 if you think about it,
8 I don’t see how you can say that
9 let me put it this way
10 the point I’m trying to make is
Ex 4
KEY
1 put it this way
disclose: to give somebody information about something, especially something that was previously secret. Reveal. E.g. The spokesman refused to disclose details of the takeover to the press. The report discloses that human error was to blame for the accident. It was disclosed that two women were being interviewed by the police. I cannot disclose what we discussed.
2 don’t see how you can
3 doesn’t take account of the fact
4 I’m basically saying
5 you’ll find that
Ex 5A
off: down or away from a place or at a distance in space or time. E.g. I fell off the ladder. We're getting right off the subject.
reluctant: hesitating before doing something because you do not want to do it or because you are not sure that it is the right thing to do. E.g. She was reluctant to admit she was wrong.
collect yourself/your thoughts 1 to try to control your emotions and become calm. E.g. I'm fine—I just need a minute to collect myself. 2 to prepare yourself mentally for something. E.g. She paused to collect her thoughts before entering the interview room.
Ex 5B
KEY
1 Where do you stand on this?
stand (on something) to have a particular attitude or opinion about something or towards somebody. E.g. Where do you stand on private education?
2 Sorry, and another thing …
3 I suppose, if you think about it …
4 Getting back to the point, which is …
Ex 6A
tap something (especially British English) to fit a device to a telephone so that somebody's calls can be listened to secretly. E.g. He was convinced his phone was being tapped. The telephones were tapped by the state security police.
Speakout Advanced p 62. Born Liars? Extra Cloze
Little babies are not so innocent after all, it (0)________ seem. Infants as
young as six months, new research claims, are capable of lying to their
doting parents, which they do (1)________ crying when they are not truly (2)_________ pain or distress. They do it simply to draw attention to themselves, but once
they start receiving the loving hugs and cuddles they (3)_________ badly crave, the babies then do (4)________ best to
prolong this reward by offering fake smiles.
This has led to suggestions that human beings are 'born to lie' and that this is a unique quality of our species.
As someone who has devoted a lifetime to studying human and animal behaviour, I have to report that this is actually (5)_________ from being the truth.
Mankind may be the most adept species at telling fibs, but we are far from alone.
A young chimpanzee in captivity, for example, is just as capable of 'lying', as I have witnessed on many occasions, most commonly when human handlers, working with young chimps, have to leave them alone. (6)________ human babies, the apes really hate (7)___________ left alone, and for this reason, their handlers, (8)_________ have become their 'family', should ideally never be out of sight. Even (9)_________ the handlers always do their best to avoid going away for too long, some absence is unavoidable. In (10)__________ a situation, and as soon as the young ape knows it is going to be left alone, it will start protesting vocally, and these protests can be heard as the handler leaves the building. The screaming stops when the door is slammed, (11)__________ at this point the ape knows that the handler can (12)________ longer hear him. It has total control (13)_________ its crying and can switch it on and off whenever it likes. The crying is actually a deliberate signal, rather (14)________ an uncontrollable outburst. But (15)________ this is a case of "real" lying rather depends on how you look at it.
KEY
0. would
doting: showing a lot of love for somebody, often ignoring their faults.- E.g. a doting mother/father. Her doting parents Sp. sus padres, que la adoran.
1. by
2. in
3. so
cuddle: the action of holding somebody close in your arms to show love or affection. Hug. E.g.
to give somebody a cuddle.
crave: crave (for) something; crave to do something to have a very strong desire for something. Long for. E.g. She has always craved excitement.
4. their
5. far
adept: /əˈdept/ adept (at/in something) adept (at/in doing something) good at doing something that is quite difficult. Skilful. E.g. He became adept at getting even the shyest students to talk.
fib: a statement that is not true; a lie about something that is not important. Sp. mentirijilla. E.g. Stop telling fibs.
6. Like
7. being
8. who
9. though/if
10. such
11. because/as/since
12 no
13. over/of
14. than
15. whether
Read the rest of the article:
If a diving footballer stops writhing in agony because he has spotted that the referee is ignoring him, then certainly his writhing was a lie. He was not hurt, only pretending to be so. But that is very different from the ape and the baby.
In their cases, they were genuinely distressed at being left alone. Both wanted to be comforted with a hug and a cuddle, and both set about using the crying signal as a way of sending this message to their carers.
The fact that the signals were deliberate and not out of-control outbursts, does not make them real lies. Babies and young apes have no other means of attracting help. Crying is their only weapon.
This may seem a trivial matter, but it can, in fact, lead to lethal misunderstandings. To say that a baby who cries deliberately to gain more attention is a little liar out to dominate its parents is an old refrain.
It was used many years ago to justify a brutal approach to child-rearing that was based on the idea that parents had to 'break the spirit' of their infants, rather like breaking a horse.
Babies had to be put outside in their prams to get fresh air, regardless of the weather, and if they cried they were only trying to get the better of you.
If you left them long enough, they would stop their crying and give up their cunning attempt at world domination.
As a baby, I belonged to the generation that suffered from this rearing doctrine. Left crying in my pram in a harsh east wind, I developed double pneumonia and nearly died.
After that, my mother decided to abandon the teachings of the day and trust to her maternal instincts, treating crying, in all its forms, correctly as a call for help.
These new research discoveries from Portsmouth University, claiming that babies are little liars, may be making a valuable distinction between controlled and uncontrollable crying.
But if they are used as an excuse to take us back to the Draconian teachings of earlier days, then the babies of the present generation could start to suffer as I did all those years ago.
Yet it is unquestionably the case that small children do learn, very early, the art of 'tactical deception'.
The new research suggests that, by the age of two, toddlers are already devious, pretending that they don't care, when they are threatened with a punishment, when it is obvious that they do.
This may be more like a true lie, but again, there is nothing uniquely human about it.
There was a time when I used to present animal programmes from the London Zoo and the star of those shows was a two-year-old chimp called Congo.
Congo lived with the television unit at the zoo and we were all his adopted family.
When a new secretary arrived, he took an instant dislike to her and one day, when he had been left alone by his carer, Congo saw his chance, leapt on her and bit her savagely. She ran out of the room pouring blood.
Congo's carer, hearing her screams, rushed back to see what had happened.
Congo's behaviour at this point was extraordinary. Instead of bouncing up and down and hooting for his food as usual, he had gone across the room, opened the door of his sleeping cage and entered the cage, (something he had never done voluntarily before), shut the door behind him and was now sitting there, the picture of innocence, staring silently up at the ceiling.
The carer opened the door of the cage, spoke harshly to him and tapped him on the head.
Young chimps are very sensitive to 'parental' disapproval and, under normal circumstances, this rebuke would have been seen by him as a serious punishment and would have led to pathetic screaming and begging for immediate cuddling.
Uniquely, on this occasion, Congo, simply kept staring at the ceiling with his lips pursed, as though he didn't care that he was being punished.
He was lying, because we knew that he disliked being shut away in his sleeping quarters and hated being shouted at.
He craved love and couldn't stand disapproval. But on this one occasion it was as if the triumph he had gained by defeating the hated secretary was worth any amount of punishment, and he was determined to bluff it out.
How many times have you witnessed that very same behaviour from a mischievous toddler?
For parents, often driven to distraction by the 'devious' antics of their offspring, this habitual lying that we share in common with the apes has to be stamped out by any means possible - it cannot be tolerated.
This has always struck me as a peculiar contradiction in a sophisticated species like ours. We tell our children, in the severest terms, that they must always be honest and that it is wicked to lie.
Yet this is done despite the certain knowledge that the vast majority of our adult life is spent lying.
Most of us do it every single day, with such ease and regularity that we scarcely notice we are doing it - often we do it in order to avoid hurting somebody's feelings, or to avoid causing them anxiety.
Your great-aunt tells you that she has spent six weeks knitting you a scarf and asks whether you like it.
If you follow your childhood teaching that it is wicked to lie and tell her the truth - that it is awful, and you will never wear it - she will be deeply and unnecessarily hurt.
If, on the other hand, you lie and say that it is beautiful, you have earned her love and continued support. And here is the heart of the matter.
For in fact, without the copious use of 'white lies' our social relations would soon disintegrate.
In some professions - doctors, nurses, politicians and diplomats - the art of lying is the very basis of their skill, as a way of reducing stress in patients, or handling delicate negotiations.
And if you want to see lying taken to genius level, all you have to do is attend the World Poker Championship in Las Vegas - which is in effect nothing more than the Lying Olympics.
So, yes, it is true that human beings are born liars, better even than chimpanzees. But that does not make us bad people - it is the very reason we are such a successful and civilised species.
Adapted from The Daily Mail
This has led to suggestions that human beings are 'born to lie' and that this is a unique quality of our species.
As someone who has devoted a lifetime to studying human and animal behaviour, I have to report that this is actually (5)_________ from being the truth.
Mankind may be the most adept species at telling fibs, but we are far from alone.
A young chimpanzee in captivity, for example, is just as capable of 'lying', as I have witnessed on many occasions, most commonly when human handlers, working with young chimps, have to leave them alone. (6)________ human babies, the apes really hate (7)___________ left alone, and for this reason, their handlers, (8)_________ have become their 'family', should ideally never be out of sight. Even (9)_________ the handlers always do their best to avoid going away for too long, some absence is unavoidable. In (10)__________ a situation, and as soon as the young ape knows it is going to be left alone, it will start protesting vocally, and these protests can be heard as the handler leaves the building. The screaming stops when the door is slammed, (11)__________ at this point the ape knows that the handler can (12)________ longer hear him. It has total control (13)_________ its crying and can switch it on and off whenever it likes. The crying is actually a deliberate signal, rather (14)________ an uncontrollable outburst. But (15)________ this is a case of "real" lying rather depends on how you look at it.
KEY
0. would
doting: showing a lot of love for somebody, often ignoring their faults.- E.g. a doting mother/father. Her doting parents Sp. sus padres, que la adoran.
1. by
2. in
3. so
cuddle: the action of holding somebody close in your arms to show love or affection. Hug. E.g.
to give somebody a cuddle.
crave: crave (for) something; crave to do something to have a very strong desire for something. Long for. E.g. She has always craved excitement.
4. their
5. far
adept: /əˈdept/ adept (at/in something) adept (at/in doing something) good at doing something that is quite difficult. Skilful. E.g. He became adept at getting even the shyest students to talk.
fib: a statement that is not true; a lie about something that is not important. Sp. mentirijilla. E.g. Stop telling fibs.
6. Like
7. being
8. who
9. though/if
10. such
11. because/as/since
12 no
13. over/of
14. than
15. whether
Read the rest of the article:
If a diving footballer stops writhing in agony because he has spotted that the referee is ignoring him, then certainly his writhing was a lie. He was not hurt, only pretending to be so. But that is very different from the ape and the baby.
In their cases, they were genuinely distressed at being left alone. Both wanted to be comforted with a hug and a cuddle, and both set about using the crying signal as a way of sending this message to their carers.
The fact that the signals were deliberate and not out of-control outbursts, does not make them real lies. Babies and young apes have no other means of attracting help. Crying is their only weapon.
This may seem a trivial matter, but it can, in fact, lead to lethal misunderstandings. To say that a baby who cries deliberately to gain more attention is a little liar out to dominate its parents is an old refrain.
It was used many years ago to justify a brutal approach to child-rearing that was based on the idea that parents had to 'break the spirit' of their infants, rather like breaking a horse.
Babies had to be put outside in their prams to get fresh air, regardless of the weather, and if they cried they were only trying to get the better of you.
If you left them long enough, they would stop their crying and give up their cunning attempt at world domination.
As a baby, I belonged to the generation that suffered from this rearing doctrine. Left crying in my pram in a harsh east wind, I developed double pneumonia and nearly died.
After that, my mother decided to abandon the teachings of the day and trust to her maternal instincts, treating crying, in all its forms, correctly as a call for help.
These new research discoveries from Portsmouth University, claiming that babies are little liars, may be making a valuable distinction between controlled and uncontrollable crying.
But if they are used as an excuse to take us back to the Draconian teachings of earlier days, then the babies of the present generation could start to suffer as I did all those years ago.
Yet it is unquestionably the case that small children do learn, very early, the art of 'tactical deception'.
The new research suggests that, by the age of two, toddlers are already devious, pretending that they don't care, when they are threatened with a punishment, when it is obvious that they do.
This may be more like a true lie, but again, there is nothing uniquely human about it.
There was a time when I used to present animal programmes from the London Zoo and the star of those shows was a two-year-old chimp called Congo.
Congo lived with the television unit at the zoo and we were all his adopted family.
When a new secretary arrived, he took an instant dislike to her and one day, when he had been left alone by his carer, Congo saw his chance, leapt on her and bit her savagely. She ran out of the room pouring blood.
Congo's carer, hearing her screams, rushed back to see what had happened.
Congo's behaviour at this point was extraordinary. Instead of bouncing up and down and hooting for his food as usual, he had gone across the room, opened the door of his sleeping cage and entered the cage, (something he had never done voluntarily before), shut the door behind him and was now sitting there, the picture of innocence, staring silently up at the ceiling.
The carer opened the door of the cage, spoke harshly to him and tapped him on the head.
Young chimps are very sensitive to 'parental' disapproval and, under normal circumstances, this rebuke would have been seen by him as a serious punishment and would have led to pathetic screaming and begging for immediate cuddling.
Uniquely, on this occasion, Congo, simply kept staring at the ceiling with his lips pursed, as though he didn't care that he was being punished.
He was lying, because we knew that he disliked being shut away in his sleeping quarters and hated being shouted at.
He craved love and couldn't stand disapproval. But on this one occasion it was as if the triumph he had gained by defeating the hated secretary was worth any amount of punishment, and he was determined to bluff it out.
How many times have you witnessed that very same behaviour from a mischievous toddler?
For parents, often driven to distraction by the 'devious' antics of their offspring, this habitual lying that we share in common with the apes has to be stamped out by any means possible - it cannot be tolerated.
This has always struck me as a peculiar contradiction in a sophisticated species like ours. We tell our children, in the severest terms, that they must always be honest and that it is wicked to lie.
Yet this is done despite the certain knowledge that the vast majority of our adult life is spent lying.
Most of us do it every single day, with such ease and regularity that we scarcely notice we are doing it - often we do it in order to avoid hurting somebody's feelings, or to avoid causing them anxiety.
Your great-aunt tells you that she has spent six weeks knitting you a scarf and asks whether you like it.
If you follow your childhood teaching that it is wicked to lie and tell her the truth - that it is awful, and you will never wear it - she will be deeply and unnecessarily hurt.
If, on the other hand, you lie and say that it is beautiful, you have earned her love and continued support. And here is the heart of the matter.
For in fact, without the copious use of 'white lies' our social relations would soon disintegrate.
In some professions - doctors, nurses, politicians and diplomats - the art of lying is the very basis of their skill, as a way of reducing stress in patients, or handling delicate negotiations.
And if you want to see lying taken to genius level, all you have to do is attend the World Poker Championship in Las Vegas - which is in effect nothing more than the Lying Olympics.
So, yes, it is true that human beings are born liars, better even than chimpanzees. But that does not make us bad people - it is the very reason we are such a successful and civilised species.
bluff it out to get out of a difficult situation by continuing to tell lies, especially when people suspect you are not being honest. Survive a difficult situation by maintaining a pretence. E.g. there’s no point in trying to bluff it out.
antics /ˈæntɪks/ behaviour which is silly and funny in a way that people usually like. Behaviour which is ridiculous or dangerous. Sp. payasadas, travesuras. E.g. The bank staff got up to all sorts of antics to raise money for charity. A comic who performs wacky (crazy) antics on his TV show
Adapted from The Daily Mail
Speakout Advanced p 62. WikiLeaks. Listening
1.
The (1.1) _________ why I say that is because they are responsible for (1.2)
_____________all kinds of confidential information, some of which is (1.3)
_____________ (1.4)______________
information and they release it in a (1.5)______________ way.
2. They seem to have (2.1)_______ (2.2)_____________ for the ethics of
what they’re doing, and um I think that they (2.3)___________
(2.4)_____________ stopped.
3.
They’ve exposed people who they say are (3.1)_______________, and now their
lives and those of their families are now (3.2)_____ (3.3)___________.
4.
Can you be (4.1) _________ about that? Is there any (4.2)_____________ to prove
that?
5.
That’s not the ____________.
6. You don’t have the right, and
it’s simply (6.1) __________ to think that you do. If you think about it, it’s
just (6.2)____________ and it’s (6.3)____________.
7. It has made information available and it means that big
(7.1)_____________ and (7.2)______________ will need to be much more careful
about how they (7.3)___________ (7.4)_____________ things in the future,
because they can no longer hide (7.5)___________ (7.6)_____________.
8. Freedom of information can only be a good thing, and it’s like a (8.1)____________ call to all those who previously thought that they could get away with (8.2)___________ by just keeping it quiet.
9. But that doesn’t take (9.1)____________ of the fact that some information is highly sensitive and shouldn’t be allowed to (9.2) ______________ around the internet.
8. Freedom of information can only be a good thing, and it’s like a (8.1)____________ call to all those who previously thought that they could get away with (8.2)___________ by just keeping it quiet.
9. But that doesn’t take (9.1)____________ of the fact that some information is highly sensitive and shouldn’t be allowed to (9.2) ______________ around the internet.
10.
Information has always been (10.1) _____________ and there have always been
(10.2)__________________
11.
The point I’m trying to (11.1)__________ is that the chances of you being (11.2)_____________
are increased , then it’ll make you think twice about the actions you’re taking,
whether you’re in government or in a big (11.3)_______________.
KEY
1.
(1.1) reason
(1.2) leaking
(1.3) highly
(1.4) sensitive
(1.5) reckless
reckless: showing a lack of care about danger and the possible results of your actions. Sp. imprudente, temerario. E.g. He showed a reckless disregard for his own safety. She was a good rider, but reckless. He had always been reckless with money. To cause death by reckless driving.
2.
(2.1) no
(2.2) regard
regard: respect or admiration. E.g. I had great regard for his abilities. Children no longer have proper regard for their parents and teachers.
regard: respect or admiration. E.g. I had great regard for his abilities. Children no longer have proper regard for their parents and teachers.
(2.3) should
(2.4) be
3.
(3.1) informants
(3.2) in
(3.3) danger
4.
(4.1) sure
(4.2) evidence
5.
point
6.
(6.1) ridiculous
(6.2) irresponsible
(6.3)
dangerous
7.
(7.1) companies
(7.2) governments
(7.3) deal
(7.4) with
(7.5) behind
(7.6)
secrets
8.
(8.1) wake-up
wake-up call: an event that makes people realize that there is a problem that they need to do something about. E.g. These riots should be a wake-up call for the government.
(8.2) wrongdoing
wrongdoing: illegal or dishonest behaviour. E.g. The company denies any wrongdoing.
wrongdoing: illegal or dishonest behaviour. E.g. The company denies any wrongdoing.
9.
(9.1)
account
(9.2) spread
10.
(10.1) leaked
(10.2) whistleblowers
whistle-blower: (used especially in newspapers) a person who informs people in authority or the public that the company they work for is doing something wrong or illegal.
11.
(11.1) make
(11.2)
discovered
(11.3) corporation
Speakout Advanced p 62. Family Matters: Parents' White Lies. Extra Listening
In this video the EnglishRadio Mallorca Team discusses the lies that parents tell their children.
Speakout Advanced p 62. Keys and Vocabulary
Warm up
You work for a large, multinational company, and have just gained a very big promotion to Chief Financial Officer. You are over the moon, because this means you can now afford to buy a dream house for your family in a nice area, and send your children to an expensive school. However, on the first day of the job, you begin to realise that the company’s accounts are not as they should be. On further investigation, you realise the company has been making a loss for the last four years and has run up a huge debt, while lying to the shareholders in order to keep the share price high. What would
you do? Have a brief discussion.
Ex 1A
Wikileaks was created in 2006, and is an organisation which aims to publish leaked information from governments and whistleblowers (people who make damaging or sensitive information public from inside organisations). It was founded by a group of people from different countries, and its director is Julian Assange. It has caused huge scandals with the amount of secret information it has made public.
leak something (to somebody) (V) to give secret information to the public, for example by telling a newspaper. Disclose. E.g. The contents of the report were leaked to the press.a leaked document.
leak (N) a deliberate act of giving secret information to the newspapers, etc. E.g. a leak to the press about the government plans on tax. There will be an inquiry into the alleged security leaks.
Ex 1B
KEY
1 Information which was previously kept secret by organisations or governments.
2 Anybody can send the information anonymously.
3 It is increasingly hard for them to keep information secret.
Vocabulary
scoop: a piece of important or exciting news that is printed in one newspaper before other newspapers know about it. E.g. reporters at the city’s three tabloid papers usually compete for scoops.
come by something to manage to get something. E.g. Jobs are hard to come by these days.
the chances are (that)… (informal) it is likely that… E.g. The chances are you won't have to pay.
injunction: /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ 1. an official order given by a court which demands that something must or must not be done. Sp. requerimiento. E.g. to seek/ obtain an injunction. Injunction against somebody The court granted an injunction against the defendants. 2. a warning or an order from somebody in authority.
take out: to obtain an official document or service. E.g. to take out an insurance policy /a mortgage/ a loan. To take out an ad in a newspaper. To take out an injunction.
whistle-blower: (used especially in newspapers) a person who informs people in authority or the public that the company they work for is doing something wrong or illegal.
steady: constant
drip-feed somebody/something to give somebody something in separate small amounts. E.g.
their correspondence is being drip-fed to newspapers.
drip feed (N) E.g. the steady drip feed of leaked documents in the papers.
strike fear, etc. into somebody/somebody's heart (formal) to make somebody be afraid, etc.
high-profile receiving or involving a lot of attention and discussion on television, in newspapers, etc. E.g. a high-profile campaign.
laud somebody/something (formal) /lɔːd/ to praise somebody/ something. E.g. He was lauded for his courage.
pose something /pəʊz/ to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with. E.g. to pose a threat/ challenge/ danger/ risk. The task poses no special problems.
mainstream: (N) the ideas, attitudes, or activities that are shared by most people and regarded as normal or conventional. E.g. His radical views place him outside the mainstream of American politics. He was never part of the literary mainstream as a writer.
mainstream: (adj) belonging to or characteristic of the mainstream. E.g. mainstream pop music.
cryptography: /krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/ the art of writing or solving codes.
bounce: if something bounces or you bounce it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this. E.g. The ball bounced twice before he could reach it. Short sound waves bounce off even small objects. The light bounced off the river and dazzled her. She bounced the ball against the wall.
unpick: carefully analyse the different elements of (something), especially in order to find faults: E.g. Elisabeth did not want to unpick the past.
(the) truth will out (saying) used to say that people will find out the true facts about a situation even if you try to keep them secret. E.g. one way or another, the truth will out.
Ex 2
KEY
1 investigative journalism
2 scoop
3 injunction
4 whistle-blowing
5 sensitive
6 source
7 leak
8 truth, out
Ex 3A
KEY
1 e)
2 b)
3 d)
4 f )
5 c)
6 a)
Ex 3B
KEY
1 reason
2 sure,
evidence
3 point
4 put
5 account
6 find
7 make
You work for a large, multinational company, and have just gained a very big promotion to Chief Financial Officer. You are over the moon, because this means you can now afford to buy a dream house for your family in a nice area, and send your children to an expensive school. However, on the first day of the job, you begin to realise that the company’s accounts are not as they should be. On further investigation, you realise the company has been making a loss for the last four years and has run up a huge debt, while lying to the shareholders in order to keep the share price high. What would
you do? Have a brief discussion.
Ex 1A
Wikileaks was created in 2006, and is an organisation which aims to publish leaked information from governments and whistleblowers (people who make damaging or sensitive information public from inside organisations). It was founded by a group of people from different countries, and its director is Julian Assange. It has caused huge scandals with the amount of secret information it has made public.
leak something (to somebody) (V) to give secret information to the public, for example by telling a newspaper. Disclose. E.g. The contents of the report were leaked to the press.a leaked document.
leak (N) a deliberate act of giving secret information to the newspapers, etc. E.g. a leak to the press about the government plans on tax. There will be an inquiry into the alleged security leaks.
Ex 1B
KEY
1 Information which was previously kept secret by organisations or governments.
2 Anybody can send the information anonymously.
3 It is increasingly hard for them to keep information secret.
Vocabulary
scoop: a piece of important or exciting news that is printed in one newspaper before other newspapers know about it. E.g. reporters at the city’s three tabloid papers usually compete for scoops.
come by something to manage to get something. E.g. Jobs are hard to come by these days.
the chances are (that)… (informal) it is likely that… E.g. The chances are you won't have to pay.
injunction: /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃn/ 1. an official order given by a court which demands that something must or must not be done. Sp. requerimiento. E.g. to seek/ obtain an injunction. Injunction against somebody The court granted an injunction against the defendants. 2. a warning or an order from somebody in authority.
take out: to obtain an official document or service. E.g. to take out an insurance policy /a mortgage/ a loan. To take out an ad in a newspaper. To take out an injunction.
whistle-blower: (used especially in newspapers) a person who informs people in authority or the public that the company they work for is doing something wrong or illegal.
steady: constant
drip-feed somebody/something to give somebody something in separate small amounts. E.g.
their correspondence is being drip-fed to newspapers.
drip feed (N) E.g. the steady drip feed of leaked documents in the papers.
strike fear, etc. into somebody/somebody's heart (formal) to make somebody be afraid, etc.
high-profile receiving or involving a lot of attention and discussion on television, in newspapers, etc. E.g. a high-profile campaign.
laud somebody/something (formal) /lɔːd/ to praise somebody/ something. E.g. He was lauded for his courage.
pose something /pəʊz/ to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with. E.g. to pose a threat/ challenge/ danger/ risk. The task poses no special problems.
mainstream: (N) the ideas, attitudes, or activities that are shared by most people and regarded as normal or conventional. E.g. His radical views place him outside the mainstream of American politics. He was never part of the literary mainstream as a writer.
mainstream: (adj) belonging to or characteristic of the mainstream. E.g. mainstream pop music.
cryptography: /krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/ the art of writing or solving codes.
bounce: if something bounces or you bounce it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this. E.g. The ball bounced twice before he could reach it. Short sound waves bounce off even small objects. The light bounced off the river and dazzled her. She bounced the ball against the wall.
unpick: carefully analyse the different elements of (something), especially in order to find faults: E.g. Elisabeth did not want to unpick the past.
(the) truth will out (saying) used to say that people will find out the true facts about a situation even if you try to keep them secret. E.g. one way or another, the truth will out.
Ex 2
KEY
1 investigative journalism
2 scoop
3 injunction
4 whistle-blowing
5 sensitive
6 source
7 leak
8 truth, out
Ex 3A
KEY
1 e)
2 b)
3 d)
4 f )
5 c)
6 a)
Ex 3B
KEY
1 reason
2 sure,
evidence
3 point
4 put
5 account
6 find
7 make
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