EF C1.1 p 61. Spoilers. Word Formation

Spoilers actually enhance your enjoyment 

I am one of those people who can’t read a book without flicking to the end to check what’s going to happen. It turns out that, actually, I am very (1)___________ (WISDOM). Psychologists at the University of California in San Diego gave students 12 short stories, by authors (2)____________ (INCLUDE) Agatha Christie and Roald Dahl. Some stories were in their original form and others had spoiler paragraphs added at the beginning. And do you know what? The readers of ‘spoiled’ stories actually had more fun. 

According to the psychologists who carried out the research, ‘students (3)_____________ (SIGNIFY) preferred the spoiled versions of the stories. For instance, knowing in advance in an Agatha Christie story that Poirot will discover that the ‘victim’ of the attempted murder is, in fact, the real murderer, not only didn’t hurt the (4)______________ (ENJOY) of the story, but actually improved it.’ 

As a huge reader of crime and thrillers, this (5)___________ (DEFINITE) rings true for me. When I’m reading horror novels, I need to check the hero or heroine is still alive at the end of the book. And I usually take a (6)___________ (SNEAK) look at the end of a romantic novel, just to make sure who is going to end up with whom. ‘It could be,’ says psychologist Jonathan Leavitt, ‘that once you know how the story turns out, you’re more comfortable processing the information and can focus on a deeper (7)_______________ (UNDERSTAND) of the story.’ 

I will also admit that, even when I know full well what is going to happen in a book, either because I’ve read it a million times before, or because I’ve read the end, I often find myself hoping that, this time, it’s going to be different, that the sad (8)__________ (END) will turn into a happy one! Adapted from The Guardian

 

 

 

KEY

 

 

 

1. wise

 

 

 

 

 

2. including 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. significantly 

 

 

 

 

4. enjoyment 

 

 

 

 

 

5. definitely  

 

 

 

 

 

6. sneaky

 

 

 

 

 

7. understanding 

 

 

 

 

 

8. ending 

EF p 47. History Brought To Life. Word Formation

A 

Gladiator, which won five Oscars, tells the story of a Roman general, Maximus Decimus Meridius, a favourite of Marcus Aurelius, Emperor in the second century AD. The Emperor wants Maximus (Russell Crowe at his best) to succeed him, but Commodus, the Emperor’s weak and (1)_______________ (TREACHERY) son ((2)____________________ (WONDER) played by Joaquin Phoenix), has other plans. Commodus kills his father and becomes Emperor himself, and arranges for Maximus and his wife and child to be executed. Maximus escapes, but cannot save his family. He is captured and sold as a gladiator, and eventually makes his way to the Colosseum in Rome, where he becomes a hero by (3)_________________ (ENGINEER) a spectacular victory against (4)________________ (OVERWHELM) odds. In this (5)_______________ (GRIP) scene, Emperor Commodus descends to the arena to congratulate him – not knowing his true identity. Maximus confronts the Emperor in one of the most (6)________________ (STIR) speeches in modern cinema: ‘My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, commander of the armies of the north, general of the Felix Legions, loyal servant to the true Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife, and I will have my (7)________________ (VENGEFUL) in this life, or the next.’ And somehow, we just know he’s going to get it! 

B 

The Darkest Hour is set in May 1940, early in World War II. German forces are winning the battle for Europe, and British soldiers are trapped in northern France. Winston Churchill, the new Prime Minister, is faced with a (8)______________ (DESPERATION) decision – to continue the fight against Hitler and the Nazis, or to (9)______________ (NEGOTIATION) a peace treaty. 

(10)_______________ (ABILITY) to decide what to do, and under pressure from Parliament to reach an (11)_________________ (AGREE), Churchill decides that he needs to find out what the people want. For the first time in his life, he travels on the London Underground, where he asks his (12)_______________ (STARTLE) fellow passengers two questions. First, he asks, ‘What would you do if the enemy (13)____________________ (INVASION)?’ and they answer ‘Fight!’ Then he asks them, ‘Should I negotiate with Hitler?’ and their answer is a very clear ‘Never!’ Churchill is inspired by their (14)__________________ (CERTAIN), and goes on to use their words in one of his most famous speeches: ‘We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.’ 

This is the key scene in the whole film, but unlike almost all the rest of the film, it has been criticized for its historical (15)________________ (ACCURATE) – Churchill’s ride on the Tube never happened. The director, Joe Wright, has defended the scene as ‘a (16)__________________ (FICTION) of an (17)___________________ (EMOTION) truth’. Does it matter? Not to the awards committees, who gave the film two Oscars and (18)_________________ (NUMBER) other awards.

KEY

1. treacherous

treacherous: that cannot be trusted; intending to harm you.

E.g.

He was weak, cowardly and treacherous. 

lying, treacherous words

treachery: behaviour that involves hurting somebody who trusts you, for example by telling their secrets to other people; an example of this.

E.g.

an act of treachery 

He was punished for his treacheries.

2. wonderfully

3. engineering

engineer: to make something happen by skilful secret planning.

E.g.

powerful enemies who engineered his downfall 

Perhaps she could engineer a meeting between them?

4. overwhelming

impossible/overwhelming odds

making success seem extremely unlikely

E.g.

They face impossible odds simply trying to get an education. 

They face overwhelming odds in their struggle to preserve the park.

to fight against overwhelming odds

Sp. luchar con todo en contra

5. gripping

gripping: exciting or interesting in a way that keeps your attention. Sp. apasionante

E.g.

a gripping story 

His books are always so gripping. 

The film was absolutely gripping.

6. stirring

stirring: causing strong feelings; exciting. Sp. emocionante

E.g.

a stirring performance 

stirring memories 

listening to stirring accounts of their heroic history

7. vengeance/revenge

vengeance 

the act of punishing or harming somebody in return for what they have done to you, your family or friends.

Synonym: revenge 

E.g. 

a desire for vengeance

8. desperate

9. negotiate

10. Unable

11. agreement

12. startled

13. invaded

14. certainty

15. inaccuracy

16. fictionalization

17. emotional

18. numerous

EF C1.1 p 43. Share the Hate, Ruin the Date. Word Formation

Victoria Coren Mitchell

Hater promises to bond potential lovers over things they loathe. (1)____________ (TURN) the traditional cheery positives, Hater allows eager singletons to form relationships based on their mutual (2)_______________ (AVERT) instead. Boy, let's really get that negativity out there! More openly expressed (3)____________ (HATE) in the world- just what we need!

Nevertheless, like most apps, it would pass the time (4)___________ (HAPPY) enough at a bus stop. If someone else at the same bus stop were also on the app, (5)________________ (SIMULTANEITY) swiping their own (6)_______________ (LIKE) of cat calendars or people who walk too (7)______________ (SLOW) in the street, that would make a decent start for (8)________________ (FLIRT). 

And yet, and yet. One of the key dangers of the internet is that it (9)______________ (COURAGE) us to give everything an immediate verdict, a thumbs up or down (and usually down). It’s easy for our first thoughts on anything to be negative, and we forget to be kind. 

The search for love has always motivated us to make an effort; on first dates, we are usually our best selves. Our hair is at its (10)_______________ (CLEAN), our interest its (11)_______________ (SHARP), our smiles their (12)______________ (READY). That’s why dating (13)_______________ (QUESTION) (14)_______________ (TRADITION) list the things we enjoy: it’s a shop window for the happy life we are offering a (15)__________________ (PROSPECT) partner. And (16)_________________ (SURE), the longer you keep trying to be your best and most (17)_________________ (CHEER) self, the happier life will be? It can’t be wise to start (18)__________________ (COMPLAINT) before you’ve even had your first date. When it comes to finding a partner, (19)_____________ (COVER) the things you both love is a far (20)________________ (HEALTH) start. 

Adapted from The Guardian

KEY

1. Overturning

2. aversions

3. hatred

4. happily

5. simultaneously

6. dislike

7. slowly

8. flirtation

9. encourages

10. cleanest

11. sharpest

12. readiest

13. questionnaires

14. traditionally

15. prospective

16. surely

17. cheerful

18.complaining

 

19. discovering

20. healthier

EF C1.1 p 26. Roald Dahl: Boy. Open Cloze and Word Formation

Open Cloze

Part 1 

Every (1)_____________ and again, a plain grey cardboard box was dished (2)__________ to each boy in our House, and this, (3)____________ it or not, was a present from the great chocolate manufacturers, Cadbury. Inside the box there were twelve (4)___________ of chocolate, all of different shapes, all with different fillings, and all with numbers from one to twelve stamped on the chocolate underneath. Also in the box there was a (5)__________ of paper with the numbers one to twelve on it as well as two blank columns, one for giving marks to each chocolate from nought to ten, and the other for comments. 

Word formation

All we were required to do in return for this (6)___________ (SPLENDOUR) gift was to taste very (7)_____________ (CARE) each bar of chocolate, give it marks, and make an intelligent comment on why we loved or (8)___________ (LIKE) it. 

It was a clever stunt. Cadbury’s were using some of the (9)____________ (GREAT) chocolate-bar experts in the world to test out their new inventions. We were of a sensible age, between thirteen and eighteen, and we knew (10)___________ (INTIMACY) every chocolate bar in (11)_____________ (EXIST), from the Milk Flake to the Lemon Marshmallow. Quite (12)____________ (OBVIOUS) our opinions on anything new would be (13)___________ (VALUE). All of us entered into this game with great gusto, sitting in our studies and nibbling each bar with the air of connoisseurs, giving our marks and making our comments. ‘Too subtle for the common palate’ was one note that I remember writing down.

Part 2 

For me, the (14)_____________ (IMPORTANT) of all this was that I began to realize that the large chocolate companies (15)_____________ (ACTUAL) did possess inventing rooms and they took their inventing very (16)_____________ (SERIOUS). I used to picture a long white room like a laboratory with pots of chocolate and fudge and all sorts of other delicious fillings bubbling away on the stoves, while men and women in white coats moved between the bubbling pots, tasting and mixing and concocting their wonderful new (17)_____________ (INVENT). I used to imagine myself working in one of these labs and suddenly I would come up with something so (18)________________ (BEAR) delicious that I would grab it in my hand and go rushing out of the lab and along the corridor and right into the offices of the great Mr Cadbury himself. ‘I’ve got it, Sir’ I would shout, putting the chocolate in front of him. ‘It’s fantastic! It’s fabulous! It’s marvellous! It’s (19)_______________ (RESIST)!’ 

Slowly, the great man would pick up my newly-invented chocolate and he would take a small bite. He would roll it round his mouth. Then all at once, he would leap up from his chair, crying, ‘You’ve got it! You’ve done it! It’s a miracle!’ He would slap me on the back and shout, ‘We’ll sell it by the million! We’ll sweep the world with this one! How on earth did you do it? Your salary is doubled.’ 

It was lovely dreaming those dreams, and I have no doubt at all that thirty-five years later, when I was looking for a plot for my second book for children, I remembered those little cardboard boxes and the (20)____________ (NEW) invented chocolates inside them, and I began to write a book called Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

KEY

1. now

(every) now and then/again: sometimes, but not very often. From time to time. Occasionally.

E.g.

We meet up for lunch now and then, but not as often as we used to.

2. out

dish something out ​(informal): to give something, often to a lot of people or in large amounts. Sp. repartir.

E.g. 

Students dished out leaflets to passers-by. 

She's always dishing out advice, even when you don't want it 

3. believe

believe it or not ​(informal): used to introduce information that is true but that may surprise people.

E.g.

 Believe it or not, he asked me to marry him!

4. bars

a bar of chocolate

5. sheet

a sheet of paper

6. splendid

7. carefully

8. disliked

9. greatest

10. intimately

11. existence

12. obviously

13. valuable/ invaluable

14. importance

15. actually

16. seriously

17. inventions

18. unbearably

19. irresistible

20. newly

EF C1.1 p 14. The Night Receptionist. Word Formation

People assume I get bored, but I enjoy the (1)___________ (SOLITARY) . I like the (2)_________ (HOUR) walks through the quiet corridors and listening to the patter of the rain on the windows while enjoying a cup of tea. I enjoy finishing a good book or watching the birds in the car park feeding on the muffins I put out yesterday. 

The (3)___________ (TIRED) is the hardest. Sometimes I have a good routine and my sleep is not affected. Other times, I walk into doors, zombie-like, and (4)____________ (OCCASION) I’ve been surprised to find that I’ve actually made it home. My husband tells me I should find a new job, and I have been applying for some since I began working here, but ‘night receptionist’ is not a good thing to put on a CV. 

I’m good with people; I just don’t like a lot of them. But though my job often (5)____________(PERPETUAL) this (6)__________(LIKE), I am (7)______________ (COMPASSION) towards those in need. I never think twice about letting someone in from the cold, or giving away a free room if it is a genuine cause. But if the intercom goes off at 2 a.m. and I see a couple who can hardly stand, I’ll probably say the hotel is full, even when it isn’t, (8)____________ (ESPECIAL) if I’ve just prepared a (9)____________(NOURISHMENT) AND (10)____________ (APPETITE) midnight snack. 

 

 

 

KEY

 

 

1. solitude

 

 

 

 

 

2. hourly 

 

 

 

 

 

3. tiredness 

 

 

 

 

4. occasionally 

 

 

 

 

 

5. perpetuates 

 

 

 

 

6. dislike 

 

 

 

 

7. compassionate 

 

 

 

 

8. especially 

 

 

 

9. NOURISHING 

 

 

 

 

10. APPETIZING 

EF p 12. 25 Jobs Before She Was 25. Cloze

Emma Rosen had one of the best, (1)___________ sought-after graduate jobs in the country, in the civil service. 20,000 people apply, but (2)____________ than 1,000 are offered jobs. But it turned (3)___________ that she didn’t like commuting and she didn’t like sitting (4)___________ a desk all day, and she struggled to see how (5)____________ she was doing would make much difference to anything. ‘I thought, ‘Get (6)_____________ it, you’re being a snowflake millennial,’’ she says. ‘I had a job for life. I thought, ‘I’m so lucky to be here, I can’t believe I’m not enjoying it. What’s wrong with me? (7)___________ am I so ungrateful and selfish?’’ 

Emma (8)_____________ have gone to work every day and complained (9)________________ her job (10)__________________ she reached retirement age. (11)_____________, she decided to find out what made her happy, what her skills were, and what sort of career (12)____________ use them. She wrote a bucket (13)_____________ of the jobs she had wanted to do (14)____________ childhood and set (15)_____________ getting two-week placements in all of them, over the course of a year. She was 24 years old, and before her 25th birthday she wanted to have tried out at (16)______________ 25 different jobs. She spent the months before she resigned from the civil service saving up her salary to cover the cost of her year off, and spent all her free time setting (17)____________ the different jobs. 

‘There was archaeology in Transylvania, property development for a company in London, alpaca farming in Cornwall, wedding photography, travel writing, interior design, journalism, landscape gardening, marketing, TV production, publishing – all things that I thought I (18)____________ want to do.’

KEY

1. most

2. fewer

3. out

4. at

5. what

6. over

7. Why

8. could

9. about

10. until

11. Instead

12. would

13. list

14. since

15. about

16. least

17. up

set up: organise

E.g.

Can we set up a meeting for 8 November?

18. might

Ready for C1 p 5. Boot Found on Everest. Open Cloze and Listening

It was the call the family of a young British climber (1)_____________ went missing on Everest 100 years ago had given (2)_______________ hope of ever getting.
Last month, a team of climbers filming a National Geographic documentary stumbled (3)______________ a preserved boot, revealed by melting ice on a glacier.
This boot was believed (4)______________ belong to Andrew Comyn "Sandy" Irvine, who disappeared while attempting to climb Everest in June 1924 with his partner George Mallory.
What's (5)______________, it could potentially help solve one of mountaineering's biggest mysteries: (6)______________ or not the pair succeeded (7)___________ becoming the first people to summit Everest, 29 years before Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the top.
Well-known adventurer Jimmy Chin, who led the team for National Geographic, hailed the discovery of the boot - with a foot inside it - (8)_______________ a "monumental and emotional moment".
A number of people have searched (9)____________ Irvine's body over the years, partly because the 22-year-old is said to have been carrying a camera with an undeveloped film inside, potentially with a photograph of the pair at the summit.
Could the discovery of the boot be the first step to finding his body - and the camera?
The family have now given a DNA sample to help confirm the foot is indeed Irvine - but the filmmaking team is fairly confident it belongs to the mountaineer. The sock found inside the boot has a name tag stitched into it with the words "A.C. Irvine".
"I mean, dude... there's a label on it," Chin, who is known for making Oscar-winning climbing documentary Free Solo alongside his wife, (10)____________ quoted as saying in a National Geographic report.
The team made the discovery as they descended the Central Rongbuk Glacier by the north face of Everest in September.
Along the way, they found an oxygen bottle marked with the date 1933. An Everest expedition that year had found an item belonging to Irvine.
Energised by this possible sign that Irvine's body could be nearby, the team searched the glacier for several days, before one of them saw the boot emerging from melting ice.
It was a fortuitous find - they estimated the ice had only melted a week before their discovery.
The foot has since been removed from the mountain because of concerns that ravens were disturbing it, according to reports, and passed to the Chinese mountaineering authorities who govern the north face of Everest.
For Irvine's descendants, the discovery has been emotional - especially in this, the centenary year of his disappearance.
Summers had grown up hearing stories of her grandmother's adventurous, Oxford-educated younger brother, who they knew as "Uncle Sandy".
"My grandmother had a photo of him by her bed until the day she died," she recalled. "She said he was a better man than anyone would ever be."
Birkenhead-born Irvine was just 22 when he disappeared, the youngest member of an expedition that has intrigued the mountaineering world for a century.
He and Mallory were last seen alive on 8 June 1924 as they set off for the peak.
Mallory's body would not be found until 1999 by an American climber.
In recent decades, the search for the climbers' remains has been mired in controversy amid suspicions that the bodies were moved.
Summers has always dismissed those stories and suspicions, revealing her feeling of "relief" following the Chin's call that "he was still there on the mountain".
But what if it could now be proved that Irvine and Mallory reached the summit, becoming the first to do so - an idea which, Summers acknowledged, would "turn mountaineering history onto its head"?
"It would be nice - we would all feel very proud," she said. "But the family has always maintained the mystery, and the story of how far they got and how brave they were, was really what it was about."
And anyway, she said, "the only way we will ever know is if we find a picture in the camera he was believed to be carrying".
The search, she suspects, will now continue for that camera. "I think it will be irresistible," she said. Whether it will be found remains to be seen.
Chin, meanwhile, is hoping that the boot's discovery - "a monumental and emotional moment for us and our entire team on the ground" - will "finally bring peace of mind to his relatives and the climbing world at large".
For Summers, it is a chance to remind the world about a young man "who took life and lived it", embracing every opportunity - and above all, was "having fun". But perhaps surprisingly, she and her cousins are grateful the older generation were not here for this discovery. "For them, Everest is his grave," she explained.


Adapted from The BBC




KEY




1. who








2. up








3. on/ upon/ across
stumble across/on/upon something/somebody
to discover something/somebody unexpectedly or by chance. Come across.
E.g.
I stumbled across Thompson outside the hotel.
Researchers have stumbled upon a drug that may help patients with Parkinson’s disease.










4. to








5. more








6. whether
"whether or not" focuses on the uncertainty or doubt about a particular event










7. in








8. as
hail somebody/something as something
to describe someone or something as being very good. Sp. considerar como
E.g.
Union leaders hailed the socialists’ victory as a huge step forward.
This latest piece of technology is being hailed as the answer to all our problems.








9. for








10. was

Andrew Irvine went missing with the (1)___________ Explorer George Mallory.
A sock (2)_______________ with Mr Irvin name AC Irvine and a boot have been found on the North Face of Mount Everest.
The two explorers disappeared together during their (3)________________ attempt to summit the highest mountain on Earth.

Jimmy chin's team discovered a foot in a boot with the name tag "AC Irvine" (4)____________ into the sock.

It is hoped that this discovery will help us understand more about what happened in that (5)_____________ climb.

He was a brave young man with an (6)________________ for adventure.
His name is (7)_____________ linked with George Mallory and Mount Everest and the tragedy of 1924.

AC Irvine was a great (8)_____________ and a skier.
The sites of Irvine's great adventure became his final (9)_____________ place.







KEY




1. renowned








2. embroidered






3. ill-fated






4. stitched

5. fateful
fateful:
having an important, often very bad, effect on future events.
E.g.
She looked back now to that fateful day in December. his final fateful journey to Moscow
Sp. fatídico, transcendental






6. appetite

7. inextricably
if two things are inextricably linked, etc., it is impossible to separate them.
E.g.
Europe's foreign policy is inextricably linked with that of the US.
She had become inextricably involved in the campaign








8. oarsman


/ˈɔːzmən/ a man who rows a boat, especially as a member of a crew (= team)

 

9. resting

EF C1.1 p 133. Travel and Tourism. Speaking. Word formation. Sample Answer

1. How can travel broaden our mind? 

2. What impact does tourism have on an area?

 

Eva: Hey, Mark! How are you doing?

Mark: Hi, Eva! I’m doing great, thank you. Just got back from my trip to the Scottish Highlands. It was utterly brilliant!

Eva: Oh, that sounds pretty (1)_______________ (AMAZE)! I’ve always fancied a visit to Scotland. What was it like?

Mark: It was absolutely (2)________________ (BREATH)! I decided to go off the (3)____________ (BEAT) track and explore some of the more (4)___________________ (SECLUDE) areas. The landscapes were so (5)_______________ (SPOIL) and (6)______________(PICTURE), (7)___________ (LIKE) anything I’ve ever seen before.

Eva: Blimey, that sounds like a proper adventure. I’m fed up with touristy spots; they can be so (8)_________________ (CROWD) and (9)_____________ (SOUL).

Mark: Spot on! That’s why I opted for more remote locations. It really allowed me to connect with nature and (10)___________ (CHARGE) my batteries.

Eva: I totally get that. I recently went on a trip to Italy, and while places like Rome and Venice were (11)__________________ (STUN), they were also (12)_______________ (CHOCK) with tourists, which was somewhat (13)______________________ (OVERWHELM).

Mark: I can imagine. It’s a shame when beautiful places become (14)_____________ (RUN) with visitors and lose their charm. Did you manage to find any (15)_______________ (HIDE) gems while you were there?

Eva: Fortunately, yes! I stumbled upon this quaint little village (16)_______________ (NESTLE) in the Tuscan countryside. It was so charming and authentic, in contrast to the more spoilt areas.

Mark: That sounds lovely. It’s those (17)_________________ (FREQUENT) spots that often leave the biggest impression on us, don’t you think?

Eva: Absolutely! They offer a glimpse into the true essence of a place, away from the hustle and bustle of mass tourism.

Mark: Couldn’t agree more. So, do you reckon travel has the power to (18)______________ (BROAD) our minds and (19)__________________ (RICH) our lives?

Eva: Definitely. Experiencing different cultures and environments opens our eyes to new perspectives and ways of life. It’s like a journey of self-discovery.

Mark: I couldn’t have put it better myself. Travelling allows us to break out of our comfort zones and embrace new experiences, (20)____________________ (ULTIMATE) shaping who we are as individuals.

Eva: Exactly. And I think it’s important for us to be (21)________________ (MIND) travellers, respecting the places we visit and their communities.

Mark: I think we're on the same page here. Sustainable and responsible tourism is key to preserving the beauty and (22)____________________ (AUTHENTIC) of destinations for generations to come.

Eva: You took the words right out of my mouth, Mark. It’s been great discussing this with you. Thanks for sharing your (23)________________ (SIGHT)!

Mark: (24)________________ (LIKE), Eva! It’s always a pleasure to (25)______________ (CHANGE) thoughts with someone who shares a passion for exploration and discovery

 

 

 

KEY

1. amazing

 

 

 

2. breathtaking 

 

 

3. beaten 

 

 

4. secluded

secluded/sɪˈkluːdɪd/ quiet and private.

E.g.

 a secluded garden/beach/corner 

We managed to find a secluded spot for our picnic

 

 

 

5. unspoilt

unspoilt: beautiful because it has not been changed or built on.

E.g.

unspoiled countryside 

It’s a country of stunning landscapes and unspoiled beaches. 

 

 

 

6. picturesque 

 

 

 

7. unlike 

 

 

8. overcrowded 

 

 

 

9. soulless

soulless: not having any attractive or interesting qualities that make people feel happy. Depressing.

E.g.

They live in soulless concrete blocks.
A soulless city of grey concrete 

 

 

 

10. recharge

 

 

 

11. stunning

 

 

 

12. chock-a-block

chock-a-block (with something/somebody) very full of things or people pressed close together.

E.g.

The shelves were chock-a-block with ornaments. 

It was chock-a-block in town today (= full of people) 

13. overwhelming

overwhelming: very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react.  Having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react. Sp. abrumador.

E.g.

She found the city quite overwhelming when she first arrived.

The evidence against him was overwhelming. 

The overwhelming majority of those present were in favour of the plan. 

an overwhelming sense of loss 

She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth. 

You may find it somewhat overwhelming at first. 

There was overwhelming support for our policies.

14. overrun

overrun: if a place is overrun by unwanted things or people, they spread over it in great numbers. Sp. infestar.

be overrun by/with something 

E.g.

a tiny island overrun by tourists 

The house was overrun with mice

15. hidden

 

 

 

16. nestled

nestle: + adv./prep. to be located in a position that is protected, sheltered or partly hidden. Sp. recogerse.

E.g.

The little town nestles snugly at the foot of the hill 

17. unfrequented

unfrequented: not often visited by many people.

E.g.
an unfrequented spot

18. broaden

 

 

 

19. enrich

 

 

 

20. ultimately

ultimately: in the end; finally.

E.g.
A poor diet will ultimately lead to illness.
He is ultimately responsible for the actions of the rebels he leads.
Ultimately, you'll have to make the decision yourself. 

21. mindful

mindful: remembering somebody/something and considering them or it when you do something
SYNONYM conscious. Sp. consciente.

E.g.

mindful of somebody/something 

mindful of our responsibilities

Mindful of the danger of tropical storms, I decided not to go out.

mindful that… 

She is mindful that the election result was very close last time. 

22. authenticity

 

 

 

23. insights

insight: an understanding of what something is like. Knowledge and understanding. Sp. conocimiento.

E.g.
There are many valuable insights in her book.
His work offers several useful insights.
insight into something 

The book gives us fascinating insights into life in Mexico.
I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face 

 

 

 

24. Likewise

 

 

 

25. exchange