EF p 77. Passive with Verbs of Saying and Reporting

 



People say that S. was a good student at school

S. is said to have been ...

It is said that S was...


People believed that R.N. was a very good player

R.N. was believed to have been ...

It was believed that R.N...



People believed that R.N. was the best tennis player ever.

R.N. was believed to have been ...


They think that the final exam is going to be very difficult

The final exam is thought to be very difficult







They said that he is rich

It is said that he is rich

He is said to be rich


They said that he was rich

It was said that ...

He was said to have been rich




 

EF p 42. If You Want to Be a Good Lover, Be a Great Hater. Verb Form Gap Fill

Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the verb that best fits each space using the correct verb form of the verbs below. There are TWO extra verbs you will not need. The activity begins with an example (0).

 be, take, say, call, persuade, turn out, entertain, have, offer, indulge, strike, feel, look, revolt, find, date, 


A new app (0) offers to help single people (1) a partner by uniting them not with others who like the same things, such as opera, vegan sausages and pedigree cats, but with people who share their dislikes.

It (2) Hater and (3) me as quite brilliant. ‘Likes’ tell you nothing about anyone. ‘Good food, great music, and lively conversation…’. ‘Laughter, red wine, and French movies…’. Ugh. The idea that a romantic life together is about sharing your stupid hobbies is deluded and childish. Love is about making something completely new out of two separate individuals, not finding activities those two individuals can do together (4) their minds off how boring and unsexy the other one (5).

My wife and I have absolutely no interests in common. None. But we do love hating things together. From the moment she (6) in my eyes, she could sense that I (7) by theatre, motorcyclists, tall people, and (8) at home. Just as I knew from the first kiss that this was a woman who (9) no time for sandals on men, skiing, supermarket own-brand loo paper, or poached fish. Indeed, it later (10) that the main thing she liked about me was that I laughed when she was rude about our friends, whereas all her previous boyfriends (11), ‘Why can’t you just be nice?’

But being nice is meaningless. Liking things is weak. Our natural human hatred of things should (12) every day. Hating is natural and fine and people want to do it. Celebrate the things you dislike every day and you (13) much better – and probably find love.

 

 

KEY

 

 

1. find/ to find 

 

 

 

 

2. ’s called  

 

 

 

 

3. strikes 

 

 

 

 

4. to take 

 

 

 

 

5. is 

 

 

 

 

6. looked 

 

 

 

 

7. was revolted 

 

 

 

 

8. entertaining 

 

 

 

 

9. had 

 

 

 

 

10. turned out 

 

 

 

 

11. had said 

 

 

 

 

 

12. be indulged 

 

 

 

 

13. ’ll feel 

 

EXTRA VERBS: date, persuade 

EF p 31. Pronunciation /ɜː/

 

“ir” words (same sound as in bird /bɜːd/)


circuit /ˈsɜːkɪt/

 
bird


girl


first


third


shirt


skirt


dirt


stir


firm


birth


circle

 

“ur” words (same sound as in burp)


turn


burn


hurt


church


nurse


purse


burst


curve


“er” words (same sound as in her)


her


term


verb


serve


nerve


perfect


person


dessert (first syllable unstressed: /dɪˈzɝt/)

 

“or” words with this sound (as in work)


Not all “or” words make this sound—only some.

work


word


world


worm


worth


worst

“our” words with this sound 


courteous → /ˈkɝːtiəs/


courtesy → /ˈkɝːtəsi/

journey

journal

journalist

journalism

“ear” words with this sound 


earth


earn


learn


heard

Ready for C1 p 20. Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous. Extra Grammar

1. Past Perfect (had + past participle)

Use it to show that one action was completed before another past action or time.
It focuses on the result of the action.
Form:

had + V3 (past participle)
Examples:

She had finished her homework before dinner.


By the time we arrived, the movie had started. 

Focus: The action is completed. 

Use the Past Perfect to emphasize the result or effect

If you want to highlight the result that existed in the past because of an earlier event, use past perfect.
Examples:

She was tired because she had worked all day.
→ Focus on the result: she was tired.


The ground was wet because it had rained.
→ Focus on the effect: wet ground.  


2. Past Perfect Continuous (had been + -ing)

Use it to show that an action was ongoing before another past action or time.
It focuses on the duration or continuity of the activity. 

When we talk about an ongoing action, we mean an action that was happening for a period of time and did not stop immediately: in progress /ˈprəʊɡres/.
Form:

had been + verb-ing
Examples:

She had been studying for two hours when he called.


They had been waiting for 30 minutes before the train arrived.

Focus: The action was ongoing and may not be completed. 

Use the Past Perfect Continuous to emphasize the cause + duration

If the ongoing nature or length of the activity explains the effect, use past perfect continuous.
Examples:

She was tired because she had been working all day.
→ Focus on the continuous activity that caused the effect.


The ground was wet because it had been raining.
→ Focus on the ongoing action that led to the effect.  

Comparison Example
Situation:

You arrive at a friend’s house and she looks tired.
Past Perfect:

She had cooked dinner before I arrived.
→ The cooking was finished.
Past Perfect Continuous:

She had been cooking dinner before I arrived.
→ She was cooking for some time and is tired; emphasizes the activity/duration. 


Quick Summary

Tense Structure  
Past Perfect had + past participle 

Focus 

result/completion

Example

She had cleaned the house. 

Tense Structure
Past Perfect Continuous had been + V-ing 

Focus  

duration/ongoing activity 

Example 

She had been cleaning the house for an hour. 



Simple Rule

Use 
Past Perfect 

Focus on result/effect 

E.g. She was pale because she had seen a ghost.
 

Past Perfect Continuous 

Focus on the ongoing activity that caused the effect 

E.g. She was exhausted because she had been running.